Experts warn that Israel's bombing of Iran's oil infrastructure could have long-term environmental and health consequences, as observers struggle to document the devastation being caused by the escalating conflict.

The attacks hit the Shahran oil depots northeast of Tehran and Shahr-e in the south two days ago, sparking huge fires that are still burning. Iran's environmental agency and the Red Crescent Society warned residents to stay indoors, citing the risk of toxic chemicals that could cause acid rain, skin and lung damage. The head of the World Health Organization, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, said damage to oil facilities risks contaminating food, water and air, with a particular impact on children, the elderly and people with chronic diseases.

Chemical experts warn that the fires have released soot, smoke, oil particles, sulfur and nitrogen compounds, heavy metals and inorganic materials, which can be included in the rain falling on the city, creating health risks and environmental contamination. Tehran residents reported difficulty breathing, headaches and burning eyes and throats, while researchers warn that long-term effects could include serious illnesses and water and soil contamination.

On a broader scale, the attacks are part of an expanding conflict in the Persian Gulf, also involving refineries in Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Oman and the United Arab Emirates, creating a major environmental and health risk in the region.

Doug Weir, director of the Conflict and Environment Observatory, warns that monitoring environmental impacts has become increasingly difficult due to conflict, internet restrictions and delays in satellite imagery, making it uncertain to fully track impacts on people and ecosystems. Experts point out that attacks targeting not only military but also civilian and dual-use facilities have expanded the range of environmental and public health risks, making managing the consequences a global challenge.